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Legal theories

The doctrines that decide cases.

Every claim runs on a legal theory — a chain of elements the two sides fight over. Here they are in plain English: what each requires, when it applies, and how it is proven or broken.

Litigation glossary
Tort

Respondeat Superior

The doctrine that holds an employer liable for torts an employee commits within the scope of employment.

Tort

Res Ipsa Loquitur

An evidentiary rule that lets negligence be inferred from an accident that ordinarily would not happen without negligence.

Corporate

Piercing the Corporate Veil

The equitable remedy that lets a court hold shareholders personally liable for a corporation's obligations.

Tort

Proximate Cause

The requirement that a defendant's conduct be a legally close enough cause of the harm to justify liability.

Contract

Promissory Estoppel

A doctrine that enforces a promise, even without a bargained-for exchange, when the promisee reasonably relied on it to their detriment.

Contract

Unjust Enrichment

An equitable claim requiring a party who has been unfairly benefited at another's expense to make restitution.

Tort

Negligence Per Se

A doctrine treating violation of a safety statute as itself the breach element of negligence when the plaintiff is in the class the law protects.

Tort

Assumption of Risk

A defense that bars or reduces recovery when a plaintiff knowingly and voluntarily accepted a known danger.

Tort

Comparative Negligence

A system that reduces a plaintiff's recovery in proportion to the plaintiff's own share of fault for the harm.

Procedure

Doctrine of Laches

An equitable defense barring a claim when a plaintiff's unreasonable delay in suing has prejudiced the defendant.

Contract

Quantum Meruit

A claim to recover the reasonable value of services or goods provided when no enforceable contract fixes the price.

Tort

Tortious Interference

A tort claim against a third party who wrongfully disrupts another's contract or prospective business relationship.

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simulation, not prediction — not legal advice